The Failed Promise of the American High School, 1890-1995 by David L. Angus

This misunderstanding has meant that many older English textbooks did not capture the true complexity of silviculture as practiced where it originated in Mitteleuropa. While location of an archetypal form of harvesting technique can be identified (they all originated somewhere with a particular forester, and have been described in the scientific literature), and broad generalizations can be made, these are merely rules of thumb rather than strict blueprints on how techniques might be applied.

These names give the impression is that these are neatly defined systems, but in practice there are variations within these harvesting methods in accordance with to local ecology and site conditions.

Target diameter harvesting ( Zielstärkennutzung).

Mixed-form regeneration methods ( Mischformen).

Shelterwood wedge cutting ( Schirmkeilschlag).

Strip selection cutting (strip-and-group felling system) ( Saumschlag).

The Femel selection cutting (group selection cutting) ( Femelschlag).

The high forest system is further subdivided in German: These varied silvicultural systems include several harvesting methods, which are often wrongly said to be a silvicultural systems, but may also be called rejuvenating or regenerating method depending on the purpose. The origin of forestry in German-speaking Europe has defined silvicultural systems broadly as high forest ( Hochwald), coppice with standards ( Mittelwald) and compound coppice, short rotation coppice, and coppice ( Niederwald). Adaptive management is common in silviculture, while forestry can include natural/conserved land without stand-level management and treatments being applied. The distinction between forestry and silviculture is that silviculture is applied at the stand-level, while forestry is a broader concept. The focus of silviculture is the control, establishment and management of forest stands. Generally, silviculture is the science and art of growing and cultivating forest crops, based on a knowledge of silvics (the study of the life-history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to local/regional factors). Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to conserve and improve their productivity. The study of forests and woods is termed silvology.

The name comes from the Latin silvi- ('forest') and culture ('growing'). Silviculture is the practice of controlling the growth, composition/structure, as well as quality of forests to meet values and needs, specifically timber production.

Practice of controlling forests for timber production

The Failed Promise of the American High School, 1890-1995 by David L. Angus